O NOVO PARADIGMA DO DIREITO ADMINISTRATIVO: uma discussão sobre interesse público

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Direito.A difícil conceituação do que é interesse público é motivo de grandes debates na academia brasileira. Corrente mais recente de estudiosos do Direito Admnistrativo considera que a supremacia do interesse público deve ser revista a luz dos direitos e garantias fundamentais. Para tanto, procura-se neste trabalho compreender o que é interesse público na concepção clássica do Direito Administrativo brasileiro, bem como entender o que caracteriza interesse público para nova corrente doutrinária que contesta a supremacia do interesse público, enquanto princípio. A partir de uma perspectiva, em que os direitos e garantias individuais (interesse privado), frente ao interesse público, se tornam o cerne da discussão. No paradigma clássico do Direito Admnistrativo se pauta a supremacia do interesse público, mesmo em situações de conflito com interesses de ordem privada. Esse paradigma se pauta pela legalidade, em que todos os atos da Admnistração Pública se orientam pela diretrizes de como deve ser sua atividade. No novo paradigma, o cerne da questão está nas garantias e direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos, e que, a luz da Constituição de 1988, são superiores. A crítica coloca que não pode existir um interesse maior do que outro, afirmando que não existe constitucionalidade para considerar o interesse público supremo. Também é possível observar que o novo paradigma recorre a eixos orientadores dentro do que se coloca como novo. Por exemplo: juridicidades dos atos administrativos, proporcionalidade, avaliação de resultados e o debate sobre discricionaridade versus arbitrariedade. A problemática do trabalho está em como de fato se caracteriza esse novo paradigma. E sua hipótese trata da necessidade de que a Administração Pública paute sua atuação pela proporcionalidade e pela busca da realização da eficiência por meio da avaliação de resultados. A pesquisa utilizou-se do método dedutivo e da pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada em artigos acadêmicos e manuais jurídicos. Ao fim do trabalho concluise que a discussão de um novo paradigma no Direito Admnistrativo não é apenas de ordem jurídica, mas sobretudo política

Rate adaptive resource allocation with fairness control for OFDMA networks

The use of opportunistic radio resource allocation techniques in order to efficiently manage the resources generates a low fairness among the users in a cellular system due to uneven Quality of Service (QoS) distribution. Some classic rate adaptive policies tried to tackle this problem for OFDMA systems by proposing solutions to maximize capacity, maximize fairness, or find a static trade-off between these two objectives. This work generalizes these classic policies and propose a dynamic fairness/rate adaptive technique based on dynamic sub-carrier assignment and equal power allocation that considers a new fairness constraint in the optimization problem. By means of extensive system-level simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed technique is able to provide an instantaneous (short-term) fairness control, which provides to the network operator the flexibility to operate on any desired trade-off point.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

PERCEPÇÕES DE CUIDADORES DE CRIANÇAS MENORES DE CINCO ANOS SOBRE A PREVENÇÃO DE ACIDENTES DOMÉSTICOS

RESUMO Objetivou-se conhecer a percepção de cuidadores sobre a prevenção de acidentes domésticos em crianças menores de cinco anos. Pesquisa qualitativa, sendo os dados coletados em março de 2014, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com 16 cuidadores de crianças menores de cinco anos, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os participantes percebem o acidente doméstico envolvendo crianças a partir de duas dimensões principais: o acidente como consequência da conduta e das formas de enfrentamento da pessoa que cuida e o acidente em decorrência de fatores de risco que envolviam a própria criança. Concluiu-se que o acidente doméstico foi compreendido pelo cuidador a partir de uma perspectiva preventiva e atenção constante aos atos da criança. Sua ocorrência foi relacionada ao desenvolvimento infantil, emergindo a prevenção pela supervisão e orientação. O estudo traz subsídios para a abordagem preventiva do acidente infantil pela enfermagem no contexto domiciliar

DR9.3 Final report of the JRRM and ASM activities

Deliverable del projecte europeu NEWCOM++This deliverable provides the final report with the summary of the activities carried out in NEWCOM++ WPR9, with a particular focus on those obtained during the last year. They address on the one hand RRM and JRRM strategies in heterogeneous scenarios and, on the other hand, spectrum management and opportunistic spectrum access to achieve an efficient spectrum usage. Main outcomes of the workpackage as well as integration indicators are also summarised.Postprint (published version

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Adaptive radio resource management for ofdma-based macro- and femtocell networks

Las demandas y expectativas de los usuarios y operadores móviles crecen sin parar y, consecuentemente, los nuevos estándares han incorporado tecnologías de acceso de radio cada vez más eficientes. Las especificaciones IMT-Advanced para la cuarta generación (4G) de redes móviles de banda ancha requieren, entre otras cosas, tasas más altas de transmisión de datos, del orden de 100 Mbps a 1 Gbps, dependiendo del nivel de movilidad. Para conseguir éstas tasas se ha escogido como tecnología de acceso el Acceso Múltiple por División de Frecuencias Ortogonal (OFDMA), y se han considerado femtoceldas para mejorar la cobertura de espacios interiores. Para explorar completamente la flexibilidad de estas tecnologías y utilizar los escasos recursos radio de la manera más eficiente posible se requieren técnicas de Gestión de Recursos Radio (RRM) adaptativas e inteligentes. En el ámbito de los sistemas celulares basados en OFDMA, uno de los problemas todavía no resuelto es el compromiso que existe entre la eficiencia en la utilización de los recursos y la equidad en su distribución entre los usuarios de la red. El compromiso entre eficiencia y equidad aparece cuando los recursos radio asignados dan lugar a diferentes indicadores de eficiencia con respecto a los distintos usuarios de red (diversidad multi-usuario). El uso de una asignación de recursos oportunista, para explorar estas diversidades y maximizar la capacidad, causa situaciones de desigualdad en la distribución de los recursos. Por otro lado, los esquemas de RRM que propician equidad absoluta consideran un escenario de peor caso, penalizando a los usuarios con mejores condiciones y reduciendo la capacidad del sistema. En esta tesis, se han propuesto varias políticas y técnicas de RRM para balancear este compromiso en el contexto de redes macrocelulares y femtocelulares. En el caso particular de sistemas macrocelulares, proponemos un nuevo paradigma de gestión de red basado en el control del índice de equidad de la celda en escenarios con servicios de tiempo no-real y de tiempo real. Se han estudiado dos enfoques para el control de la equidad: control instantáneo (a corto plazo) utilizando técnicas de RRM de adaptación de tasa y equidad, y control promediado (a mediano plazo) utilizando estructuras de RRM basadas en la Teoría de la Utilidad. En el caso de las femtoceldas, se ha formulado una nueva técnica para evitar la interferencia capaz de balancear el compromiso entre eficiencia espectral y la equidad entre los puntos de acceso de las femtoceldas. Esta estrategia de RRM se basa en una planificación a mediano/largo plazo de las frecuencias disponibles, que toma en consideración la topología de interferencia de grupos de femtoceldas vecinas. Las técnicas de RRM consideradas en esta tesis se han evaluada utilizando de forma sistemática técnicas de simulación numéricas a nivel de sistema. En el caso del escenario macrocelular, se demuestra que las técnicas adaptativas de RRM propuestas son, para los operadores móviles una, herramienta valiosa porqué, además de ser una generalización de estrategias clásicas bien conocidas, son capaces de garantizar de forma eficiente diferentes niveles de equidad en el sistema, y controlar el compromiso entre eficiencia y equidad. Además, se concluye que las estrategias basadas en la teoría de utilidad, que hacen un control promedio de la equidad, muestran resultados tan buenos ó incluso mejores que los presentados por las técnicas basadas en optimización instantánea de la adaptación de la tasa y la equidad, utilizando menores recursos computacionales. Finalmente, se demuestra que la técnica propuesta para evitar interferencia en redes de femtoceldas puede garantizar una coexistencia sin degradaciones entre punto de acceso vecinos para cualquier topología de interferencia. Esta técnica puede ser implementada mediante arquitecturas de red distribuidas ó centralizadas, presentando en ambos casos unos requisitos de señalización muy bajos.User and cellular operator requirements and expectations have been continuously evolving, and consequently, advanced radio access technologies have emerged. The International Mobile Telecommunications - Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specifications for mobile broadband Fourth Generation (4G) networks state, among other requirements, that enhanced peak data rates of 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps for high and low mobility should be provided. In order to achieve this challenging performance, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) has been chosen as the access technology, and femtocells have been considered for improving indoor coverage. In order to fully explore the flexibility of these technologies and use the scarce radio resources in the most efficient way possible, intelligent and adaptive Radio Resource Management (RRM) techniques are crucial. There are many open RRM problems in wireless networks in general and OFDMA-based cellular systems in particular. One of such problems is the fundamental trade-off that exists between efficiency in the resource usage and fairness in the resource distribution among network players. Several opportunistic RRM algorithms, which dynamically allocate the resources to the network players that present the highest efficiency indicator with regard to these resources, have been proposed to maximize the efficiency in the resource usage. The trade-off between efficiency and fairness appears when the resources have different efficiency indicators to different network players (multi-user or multi-cell diversity). The use of opportunistic resource allocation to explore these diversities causes unfair situations in the resource distribution. On the other hand, schemes that provide absolute fairness deal with the worst case scenario, penalizing players with better condition and reducing the system capacity. In this thesis, several RRM policies and techniques are proposed to balance this compromise in macrocell and femtocell networks. In the particular case of macrocell systems, we propound a new network management paradigm based on the control of a cell fairness index in scenarios with Non-Real Time (NRT) or Real Time (RT) services. Two fairness control approaches are studied: instantaneous (short-term) control by means of generalized fairness/rate adaptive RRM techniques and average (mid-term) control using utility-based frameworks. For femtocell networks, a novel interference avoidance technique able to balance the trade-off between spectral efficiency in the femtocell tier and fairness among the Femtocell Access Points (FAPs) is formulated. This RRM strategy is based on a high-level, mid/long-term frequency planning that takes into account the topology of groups of neighboring FAPs. The RRM techniques considered in this thesis are evaluated by means of extensive system-level and/or numerical simulations. Regarding the macrocell scenario, it is shown that the proposed adaptive RRM techniques are valuable tools for the mobile operators, because they are generalizations of well-known classic strategies found in the literature and they can effectively guarantee different fairness levels in the system and control the trade-off between efficiency and fairness. Furthermore, it is concluded that the utility-based strategies that perform an average fairness control can provide performance results as good as the fairness/rate adaptive techniques, which are based on instantaneous optimization, using less computational resources. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed interference avoidance technique for femtocell networks can guarantee a seamless coexistence between neighboring FAPs in any interference topology. Furthermore, this technique can be implemented in both centralized and distributed network architectures and generates very low signaling overhead